SIMPLE FUTURE

Simple future is used for describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.

A. In order to
1. Future tense “will”
a. To assert incident/event that future and decide that incident at talking.
Example= A: can you help me to do this home work?
B: of course, I will do it for you.

b. To offer to do something.
Example= A: I don’t have a pen to write.
B: don’t worry. I will lend you.

c. To assert an agreement to do something.
Example= A: you must come to my party.
B: I promise I will come on party.

d. To ask someone to do something.
Example= A: it’s very hot in my room.
B: certainly.

e. To predict event that will be happened
Example= A: will I pass the test next month?
B: don’t worry, you will pass.

f. To assert an incident/event that will be sure happened.
Example= A: I’m seventeen years old now.
How old will I be next year?
B: you will be eighteen years old next years.
All people and animals in the world will die

2. Future tense “shall”
a. To assert a deal or gift suggestion
Example= Today, we are free.
Where shall we go?
Note: shall for subject “I, we”

3. Future tense “be going to”
a. To assert an incident that will be happened and gone ever break a promise to do it.
Example= A: Did you send my letter for her?
B: oh, I’m sorry I forgot.
I’m going to send it tonight.

b. To assert an incident/event that cause there are incident/event that mention that what will be next happened.
Example= A: The sky is very dark.
What do you think?
B: I think it’s going to rain

B. Time signal
1. Tomorrow Morning-/Afternoon-/Evening-/Night-….
2. Next Time-/Week-/Month-/Year-/January-….
3. Tonight
4. The day after tomorrow
5. Soon
6. Later
7. Two, three more days
8. Two, three days later
9. By and by

C. Formation of sentences
1. Positive (+):
a. Subject + shall/will + VI
Example: I shall clean the room
We will go to school
She will give a present
Note: “shall” just can use for subject “I and We”

b. Subject + be + going to + VI
Example: I am going to play tennis
They are going to swim very fast
He is going to write a story

2. Negative (-)
a. Subject + shall/will + not + VI
Example: I shan’t buy a shirt
He won’t clean the room
Note: shall not = shan’t
Will not = won’t

b. Subject + be not + going to + VI
Example: I am not going to give a present

3. Interrogative (?)
a. Shall/will + subject + VI ?
Example: will we play tennis?

b. Be + subject + going to + VI ?
Example: is she going to write a story?

NOUN PHRASES

A noun phrase is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.
For example, ‘they’, ‘books’, and ‘the books’ are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)
Example 1:
Yuri : Do you like books?
Lee : Yes, I like them.
Yuri : Do you like books over there?
Lee : Yes, they are nice.
Yuri : Do you like the book I brought yesterday?
Lee : Yes, I like it. (Note: ‘It’ refers to ‘the book’, not ‘book’)
Example 2:
Nicko was late.
(‘Nicko’ is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb.)
Some noun phrases are short: The students
Some are long: The very tall education consultant
Structures of noun phrases:
▪ A beautiful old painting on the wall
The structure of this noun phrase contains three sections:
Pre-modifier Head noun Post-modifier
A beautiful old painting on the wall
A beautiful old painting -
- painting on the wall

Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (Vbase+ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.
Example: passing the exam watching TV
preparing the equipment sliding down a rope
going to school diving board

FINITE VERBS

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of languages in which it occurs.

· Finite verb can form “Indenpendent Clause” which con stand by their own as complete sentences

· An Independent clause is a complete sentences it contain the main subject and verb of asentences

· In English only verb in contain mob the finite.These includes.

→ Indicate mood : expressing state of appairs in indicative mood finite verb is must used verb.

Example : Elis is going to shop

→ Imperative mood , giving a command

example : Help me please !!!

Don't do that !!!

Verb – Finite / Non Finite

Finite Verb

A finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular / plural)

For example :

I lived in Germany. (I is the subject-lived describes what the subject did-lived is a finite verb).

Non-Finite Verbs

A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinite (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.

For example :

I lived in Germany to improve my German.(To improve is in the infinite form-improve is non-finite).

NEWS ITEM

News item is factual text which informs the reader about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

Social function of news item is : to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

- Generic Structure
 Newsworthy event (s)Ø : recount the event in summary form
 Background Event (s)Ø : elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances
 SourcesØ : comment by participants in, withesses to and authorities to and authorities expert on the event

- Signification grammar features :
 Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headlineØ
 Generally using simple past tenseØ
 Use of material processes to retell the eventØ
 Using action verbs , (,) : were, run, go, kill, etcØ
 Using saying verbs , (.) : say, tellØ
 Focus on circumstancesØ
 Use ofØ projecting verbal processes in sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible
1. The passive voice is used with out the approprianto form of “be”
2. It is unusually to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing orde ueloping, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences

INTRODUCTORY IT

When the subjective is an infinitive phrase

We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.

Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)

Ø It is easy to learn English. (= To learn English is easy.)

Ø It is easy to find fault with others. (= To find fault with others is easy.)

Ø It is difficult to know his motive. (= To know his motive is difficult.)

Ø It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.

Ø It is dangerous to play with fire.

Ø It could be dangerous to drive so fast.

Note that when we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short.

Ø To err is human. (OR It is human to err.)

Ø To become a well known writer was his life-long ambition. (OR It was his lifelong ambition to become a well known writer.)

Ø To invest all your money in shares is foolish. (OR It is foolish to invest all your money in shares.)

When the subject is a gerund phrase

When the real subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. So instead of saying ‘Your trying to fool us is no good’, we say, ‘It is no good your trying to fool us.’

Ø It won’t be any good complaining to the manager. (Complaining to the anager won’t be any good.)

Ø It is silly throwing away this opportunity. (Throwing away this opportunity is silly.)

Ø Will it be any good my talking to him about it? (Will my talking to him about it be any good)

Ø It is no fun having so many children to look after. (Having so many children to look after is no fun.)

Note that it is possible to change the gerund into an infinitive.

It won’t be any good for me to complain to the manager.

It is silly (for you) to throw away this opportunity.

Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?